{ "dataset": "countries", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "methodology_version": "0.1.1", "generated_at": "2026-10-15", "note": "NR, ? and 0 are distinct values. Findings with verification \"needs_review\" are provisional.", "verification_summary": { "verified": 0, "needs_review": 24, "disputed": 0 }, "caveats": [ "All findings with verification 'needs_review' are provisional and have not been verified by a human reviewer.", "Findings may have been prepared with AI assistance; see each record's research_method.", "0 means no qualifying provision was identified in the sources reviewed; it is not proof that no safeguard exists.", "Do not aggregate results into overall scores or rankings.", "StudentSafe Europe evaluates published rules, not individuals or implementation." ], "docs": { "methodology": "https://github.com/josiptomaskovic1-ai/Academic-Safeguard-Europe/blob/main/methodology/methodology-v0.1.md", "data_model": "https://github.com/josiptomaskovic1-ai/Academic-Safeguard-Europe/blob/main/docs/data-model.md" }, "data": [ { "iso_code": "AT", "slug": "austria", "name": "Austria", "local_name": "Österreich", "eu_status": "member_state", "eu_accession_year": 1995, "methodology_version": "0.1", "research_status": "not_researched", "last_reviewed": null, "confidence": null, "national_framework": { "summary": null }, "safeguards": { "S01": { "result": "NR" }, "S02": { "result": "NR" }, "S03": { "result": "NR" }, "S04": { "result": "NR" }, "S05": { "result": "NR" }, "S06": { "result": "NR" }, "S07": { "result": "NR" }, "S08": { "result": "NR" }, "S09": { "result": "NR" }, "S10": { "result": "NR" }, "S11": { "result": "NR" }, "S12": { "result": "NR" } }, "institutions_researched": [], "evidence_gaps": [], "researcher_notes": null }, { "iso_code": "BE", "slug": "belgium", "name": "Belgium", "local_name": "België / Belgique / Belgien", "eu_status": "member_state", "eu_accession_year": 1958, "methodology_version": "0.1", "research_status": "not_researched", "last_reviewed": null, "confidence": null, "national_framework": { "summary": null }, "safeguards": { "S01": { "result": "NR" }, "S02": { "result": "NR" }, "S03": { "result": "NR" }, "S04": { "result": "NR" }, "S05": { "result": "NR" }, "S06": { "result": "NR" }, "S07": { "result": "NR" }, "S08": { "result": "NR" }, "S09": { "result": "NR" }, "S10": { "result": "NR" }, "S11": { "result": "NR" }, "S12": { "result": "NR" } }, "institutions_researched": [], "evidence_gaps": [], "researcher_notes": null }, { "iso_code": "BG", "slug": "bulgaria", "name": "Bulgaria", "local_name": "България", "eu_status": "member_state", "eu_accession_year": 2007, "methodology_version": "0.1", "research_status": "not_researched", "last_reviewed": null, "confidence": null, "national_framework": { "summary": null }, "safeguards": { "S01": { "result": "NR" }, "S02": { "result": "NR" }, "S03": { "result": "NR" }, "S04": { "result": "NR" }, "S05": { "result": "NR" }, "S06": { "result": "NR" }, "S07": { "result": "NR" }, "S08": { "result": "NR" }, "S09": { "result": "NR" }, "S10": { "result": "NR" }, "S11": { "result": "NR" }, "S12": { "result": "NR" } }, "institutions_researched": [], "evidence_gaps": [], "researcher_notes": null }, { "iso_code": "HR", "slug": "croatia", "name": "Croatia", "local_name": "Hrvatska", "eu_status": "member_state", "eu_accession_year": 2013, "methodology_version": "0.1", "research_status": "institution_research_available", "last_reviewed": "2026-09-13", "confidence": "medium", "national_framework": { "summary": "Croatia's Act on Higher Education and Scientific Activity (NN 119/2022) sets general duties for members of the academic community to respect the dignity of every person, and requires each higher education institution to establish an ethics committee, adopt an ethics code defining ethical offences and sanctioning procedures, establish a disciplinary committee and adopt a disciplinary rulebook for staff; the content of these instruments is left to institutions. Students have a statutory right to complain about violations of their rights and each institution must have a student ombudsperson (a student appointed by the student council under the 2007 Student Council Act), whose role is advisory and mediating. The Act declares the General Administrative Procedure Act applicable to procedures deciding on students' rights and obligations, which would bring recusal, deadline, reasoned-decision and appeal rules, but whether complaints about staff conduct fall within that route is not settled by the texts reviewed. Horizontal anti-discrimination and gender equality legislation prohibits harassment and sexual harassment (including in education), protects against victimisation for reporting discrimination and provides external routes to the People's Ombudsperson, the Gender Equality Ombudsperson and the courts. The national re-accreditation standards of the Agency for Science and Higher Education expect institutions to prevent and sanction unethical behaviour and discrimination through fair and impartial procedures and to operate a formal appeals procedure on assessment." }, "safeguards": { "S01": { "result": "1", "verification": "needs_review", "confidence": "medium", "source_ids": [ "hr-zvozd-2022", "hr-zsd-2008", "hr-zrs-2008" ], "locator": "ZVOZD Articles 3(3), 55(1)-(4); ZSD Articles 3 and 8(2); ZRS Article 8", "evidence": "The Act on Higher Education requires members of the academic community (teachers and students) to base their relations on mutual trust and respect for the dignity of every person (\"poštovanju dostojanstva svake osobe\" - respect for the dignity of every person). Each institution must set up an ethics committee covering, among other things, teaching and mutual relations, and adopt an ethics code that defines ethical offences and the procedure for preventing and sanctioning unethical conduct; a National Council issues minimum ethical principles that form part of each code. Separately, the Anti-Discrimination Act and the Gender Equality Act define harassment (linked to the protected grounds) and sexual harassment and treat them as discrimination, and the Anti-Discrimination Act applies expressly to the field of education and science.", "rationale": "The national framework contains general ethics and dignity duties and delegates the definition of ethical offences to institutions. It does not itself name misuse of academic authority over students (assessment, supervision, progression) as misconduct. The horizontal prohibition of harassment in education could support a \"2\" (specific abuses prohibited), but it is not specific to teacher-student relations or to academic authority; as two levels are plausible, the lower level is assigned. Harassment under the Anti-Discrimination Act is tied to protected grounds, which is the substantive reason it does not amount to a prohibition of misuse of academic authority as such.", "gaps": "The National Council's minimum ethical principles referred to in Article 55(4) were not located or reviewed; they may contain more specific content. The Criminal Code (e.g. provisions on sexual harassment) was not reviewed.", "reviewed": "2026-09-13" }, "S02": { "result": "1", "verification": "needs_review", "confidence": "medium", "source_ids": [ "hr-zsd-2008", "hr-zzpn-2022" ], "locator": "ZSD Articles 7 and 8(2); ZZPN Article 6(3), 6(5), 6(9) and Article 9", "evidence": "The Anti-Discrimination Act provides that no one may be placed in a less favourable position for having reported discrimination in good faith, witnessed it, refused a discriminatory instruction, or participated in discrimination proceedings; the Act applies to the field of education and science. The Whistleblower Act prohibits retaliation against reporters, but defines a reporter as a person reporting irregularities learned of in their work-related context, described as professional activities (employees, self-employed, volunteers, trainees and similar).", "rationale": "General anti-victimisation protection exists and would cover a student reporting discrimination or harassment, but it is limited to discrimination-related reports, does not address academic retaliation (grades, supervision, references) and is not a higher-education-specific rule. The whistleblower regime appears not to reach students acting as students (only possibly those in a work-related context such as trainees or employed assistants). No express national prohibition of retaliation against student complainants in general was identified, so \"2\" is not met.", "gaps": "No provision in the Act on Higher Education or the Student Council Act on retaliation against complainants was identified. Whether student trainees or teaching assistants fall within the Whistleblower Act's personal scope in particular situations was not analysed.", "reviewed": "2026-09-13" }, "S03": { "result": "2", "verification": "needs_review", "confidence": "medium", "source_ids": [ "hr-zszso-2007", "hr-zvozd-2022", "hr-zsd-2008", "hr-zrs-2008" ], "locator": "ZSZSO Article 17; ZVOZD Articles 55(1), 77(1)(8); ZSD Article 12; ZRS Article 19", "evidence": "Each higher education institution must have a student ombudsperson, appointed by the student council for one year (renewable once) from among students; the ombudsperson receives student complaints about their rights and discusses them with the competent bodies of the institution, advises students and may take part in disciplinary proceedings against students. Students have a statutory right to complain about violations of rights under the Act and institutional acts. Each institution must also establish an ethics committee. For discrimination, including harassment and sexual harassment, the People's Ombudsperson and the Gender Equality Ombudsperson receive and examine individual reports.", "rationale": "A complaint officer that does not depend on the academic unit's line management exists at every institution (student ombudsperson, appointed by the student council), and specialised external bodies exist for discrimination. However, the ombudsperson's independence guarantees, investigative powers and mandate over staff-student conduct complaints are not set out (the role is to receive complaints and discuss them with institutional bodies), and the procedure for the statutory right to complain is not defined nationally, so \"3\" is not met.", "gaps": "Because a faculty can itself be a \"visoko učilište\", the ombudsperson may sit within the same unit as the staff member complained about; separation is by appointment route rather than by level. The Ombudsperson Act (general maladministration mandate) was not opened, so that route is not scored here.", "reviewed": "2026-09-13" }, "S04": { "result": "1", "verification": "needs_review", "confidence": "low", "source_ids": [ "hr-zvozd-2022", "hr-zup-2009", "hr-azvo-reaccreditation-standards-2023" ], "locator": "ZVOZD Article 5(3); ZUP Article 24(1)-(6); AZVO Standard 1.4", "evidence": "The Act on Higher Education applies the General Administrative Procedure Act to procedures deciding on the rights and obligations of students. That Act requires exclusion of an official who is a party, witness or close relative, requires exclusion from second-instance proceedings of anyone who took part at first instance, allows exclusion for close personal or business relationships, discriminatory treatment or other doubts about impartiality, and provides that the head of the body (or the second-instance or supervisory body for the head) decides, including on a party's request. The AZVO re-accreditation standard expects fair and impartial conduct of procedures sanctioning unethical behaviour and discrimination.", "rationale": "At minimum, a general statutory recusal regime applies to decisions on students' rights through Article 5(3) of the Act on Higher Education (level 1). Whether it extends to complaints about staff conduct, ethics proceedings or grade reviews, which would support level 2 or 3, is not established by the national texts, so the lower level is assigned.", "gaps": "No express recusal rule for examiners, ethics committee members or disciplinary committee members in the Act on Higher Education was identified. Case law of the administrative courts on whether exam grades and complaint outcomes are administrative acts was not reviewed.", "reviewed": "2026-09-13" }, "S05": { "result": "1", "verification": "needs_review", "confidence": "low", "source_ids": [ "hr-zsd-2008", "hr-zup-2009" ], "locator": "ZSD Article 19(1)-(2); ZUP Article 100(3)", "evidence": "In anti-discrimination court proceedings the court may, on a party's proposal, order interim measures before or during proceedings where the applicant makes a violation of equal treatment probable and the measure is needed to avert irreparable harm or prevent violence. The General Administrative Procedure Act allows a temporary decision regulating disputed matters before a procedure ends.", "rationale": "Interim protection is available only in general terms (court measures in discrimination cases; a generic power to issue temporary administrative decisions). No specific academic interim measures (change of examiner, supervisor or group) were identified in the higher education legislation, so \"2\" is not met.", "gaps": "No interim-measures provision in the Act on Higher Education, the Student Council Act or the AZVO standards was identified. Whether court interim measures could order academic arrangements in practice was not examined.", "reviewed": "2026-09-13" }, "S06": { "result": "1", "verification": "needs_review", "confidence": "low", "source_ids": [ "hr-zvozd-2022", "hr-zup-2009", "hr-zsd-2008" ], "locator": "ZVOZD Article 5(3); ZUP Article 101(1)-(3); ZSD Article 16(3)", "evidence": "Under the General Administrative Procedure Act a decision on a party's request must be issued and delivered within 30 days (direct decision) or 60 days (where an examination procedure is conducted), and if the deadline is missed the party may appeal or bring an administrative dispute. The Anti-Discrimination Act requires courts and other bodies conducting proceedings to act urgently on discrimination claims.", "rationale": "A general duty of urgency exists for discrimination proceedings (Anti-Discrimination Act Article 16(3)), which meets level 1. Binding deadlines with an escalation route under the General Administrative Procedure Act would support a higher level if staff-conduct complaints are administrative matters, which is not established by the texts reviewed.", "gaps": "No deadline specific to student complaints, ethics committee or disciplinary procedures was identified in national higher education legislation. Whether the administrative procedure deadlines apply to such complaints is unresolved.", "reviewed": "2026-09-13" }, "S07": { "result": "?", "verification": "needs_review", "confidence": "low", "source_ids": [ "hr-zvozd-2022", "hr-zup-2009" ], "locator": "ZVOZD Article 5(3); ZUP Articles 96, 97(1), 98(1), 98(5)-(6)", "evidence": "Administrative decisions must be in writing and contain a statement of reasons (facts established, reasons for assessing evidence and for rejecting requests) and an instruction on legal remedies stating whether an appeal or administrative dispute is available, to which body, by when and how.", "rationale": "These requirements would meet the elements of \"3\" for decisions in which the student is a party, but the sources reviewed do not establish that the outcome of a complaint about staff conduct (e.g. an ethics committee finding forwarded to the head of institution under ZVOZD Article 55(3)) is an administrative decision delivered to the complainant. The level cannot be responsibly assigned.", "sources_reviewed": [ "hr-zvozd-2022", "hr-zup-2009", "hr-zszso-2007", "hr-azvo-reaccreditation-standards-2023" ], "gaps": "No national provision on informing a student complainant of the outcome of an ethics or disciplinary procedure was identified.", "reviewed": "2026-09-13" }, "S08": { "result": "1", "verification": "needs_review", "confidence": "medium", "source_ids": [ "hr-zsd-2008", "hr-zrs-2008", "hr-zup-2009", "hr-azvo-reaccreditation-standards-2023" ], "locator": "ZSD Articles 12(2), 17; ZRS Article 19(2); ZUP Articles 105, 122(4); AZVO Standard 3.2", "evidence": "External routes exist: the People's Ombudsperson and the Gender Equality Ombudsperson examine discrimination reports and may conduct mediation; a person claiming discrimination may sue for a declaration, cessation and removal of consequences, and damages. Where administrative procedure applies, a first-instance decision may be appealed to a second-instance body and an administrative dispute brought. The AZVO standard on assessment expects a formally defined appeals procedure of which students are informed.", "rationale": "Nationally there is no defined internal appeal to a different body against the outcome of a complaint about staff conduct; available routes are general external remedies (courts) and ombudspersons limited to discrimination. The AZVO appeals element concerns assessment and is an evaluation expectation rather than a defined route. A \"2\" (specialised external body) is arguable for discrimination cases only; the lower level is assigned.", "gaps": "Applicability of the administrative appeal route to complaint outcomes is unresolved (see S04, S06, S07). The general mandate of the People's Ombudsperson over public higher education institutions was not verified.", "reviewed": "2026-09-13" }, "S09": { "result": "1", "verification": "needs_review", "confidence": "medium", "source_ids": [ "hr-zvozd-2022" ], "locator": "ZVOZD Articles 55(3), 56(1)-(5)", "evidence": "Staff are disciplinarily liable for breaches of work duties and for damaging the institution's reputation. Each institution must establish a disciplinary committee and adopt a rulebook setting out disciplinary offences, sanctions and procedure; disciplinary liability may lead to termination of the employment contract, and only offences and sanctions prescribed in the rulebook at the time may be punished. An ethics committee decision finding a breach of the ethics code is sent to the head of institution, who must act under the disciplinary rulebook.", "rationale": "The national framework mandates a disciplinary system and links ethics breaches to it, but does not itself set a graduated scale, proportionality criteria or any express link to misconduct towards students; these are left entirely to institutional rulebooks. It is more than bare employment law, but the \"2\" element (a scale applying to misconduct towards students) is not provided at national level, so the lower level is assigned.", "gaps": "The Labour Act and collective agreements were not reviewed. No national power to restrict a staff member's authority over affected students was identified.", "reviewed": "2026-09-13" }, "S10": { "result": "1", "verification": "needs_review", "confidence": "medium", "source_ids": [ "hr-zvozd-2022", "hr-zsd-2008" ], "locator": "ZVOZD Article 71(6); ZSD Article 17(1)(2)", "evidence": "Institutions must regulate by general act the rules on exams, complaints against a grade (\"prigovoru na ocjenu\" - objection to a grade), the procedure for repeating an exam, and the right to inspect exam results. In discrimination cases a court may order actions removing discrimination or its consequences.", "rationale": "A general right to challenge a grade and repeat an exam exists (with details delegated to institutions), but it is not linked to misconduct findings and no listed remedies (re-assessment by a different examiner, annulment, extension, change of supervisor) were identified. Court-ordered removal of consequences is general and not academic-specific, so \"2\" is not met.", "gaps": "A right to change mentor was seen in the Act's provisions on staff collaborators (suradnici); it applies to employees, not students, and was not relied on. No national rule on changing a doctoral student's supervisor after misconduct was identified.", "reviewed": "2026-09-13" }, "S11": { "result": "0", "verification": "needs_review", "confidence": "medium", "source_ids": [ "hr-zvozd-2022", "hr-azvo-reaccreditation-standards-2023", "hr-zrs-2008" ], "locator": "ZVOZD Articles 55-56; AZVO Standards 1.4 and 3.2; ZRS Article 14", "evidence": "No national requirement, and no express recommendation directed at staff with authority over students, to receive training on professional boundaries, harassment or fair use of authority was identified. AZVO Standard 3.2 expects support for those who assess students in developing assessment skills. The evidence list for Standard 1.4 refers to reports on education (\"edukacije\") to prevent unethical behaviour, intolerance and discrimination as an example source; these lists are expressly examples only. The Gender Equality Act makes gender-equality content part of higher education curricula.", "rationale": "The references found concern assessment methodology, curriculum content, or examples of evidence an institution may present. The AZVO example was considered and judged insufficient for level 1, because it neither requires nor expressly recommends training on boundaries, harassment or anti-retaliation for staff with authority over students. No qualifying provision was identified in the sources reviewed.", "sources_reviewed": [ "hr-zvozd-2022", "hr-zszso-2007", "hr-zsd-2008", "hr-zrs-2008", "hr-azvo-reaccreditation-standards-2023" ], "gaps": "The National Council's minimum ethical principles, the Quality Assurance Act and any national ethics guidance were not reviewed. An independent cross-check agreed with this result; human second review is still required before it can be treated as verified.", "reviewed": "2026-09-13" }, "S12": { "result": "1", "verification": "needs_review", "confidence": "medium", "source_ids": [ "hr-zvozd-2022", "hr-nsuzk-2026" ], "locator": "ZVOZD Articles 39(1), 40(6), 42(1)-(5), 43(5), 62(6); National Criteria (NN 42/2026) Article 4(9)", "evidence": "Appointment of teachers and scientists depends on the required degree, the National University, Scientific and Artistic Criteria (or national college criteria) and institutional additional criteria, assessed by an expert committee. Re-election every five years requires fulfilling half of the national and additional criteria for promotion since the last election. The procedure for application, assessment and defence of doctoral theses is left to university statutes or general acts. Under the National University, Scientific and Artistic Criteria, promotion and re-election also require positively evaluated teaching quality or student survey results (Article 4(9)); no criterion concerns ethical record or upheld complaints.", "rationale": "National appointment and re-election criteria refer to academic, scientific and teaching qualifications, including teaching quality or student survey results. These measure teaching quality rather than professional conduct as defined for level 2, and no national rule requires review of conduct (e.g. upheld complaints or ethical record) for roles with authority over students, including doctoral supervision. This matches level 1.", "gaps": "Institutional additional criteria and doctoral supervisor rules are outside national scope.", "reviewed": "2026-09-13" } }, "institutions_researched": [ "hr-unizg" ], "evidence_gaps": [ "The National Council's minimum ethical principles (ZVOZD Article 55(4)) were not located; whether they have been adopted and what they contain is unknown.", "The Act on Quality Assurance in Higher Education and Science (NN 151/22) was not opened; only the AZVO re-accreditation standards adopted under it were reviewed.", "The People's Ombudsperson Act and the Gender Equality Ombudsperson's general mandate over public higher education institutions were not opened.", "The Labour Act (worker dignity and harassment procedures) was not reviewed; such procedures typically protect employees rather than students and would not raise scores under the rubric's student-complainant rule.", "The Criminal Code provisions on sexual harassment and abuse of position were not reviewed.", "Official gazette versions of the Student Council Act, Anti-Discrimination Act, Gender Equality Act and General Administrative Procedure Act were not opened; unofficial zakon.hr consolidations were used.", "Administrative and constitutional court case law on whether exam grades and complaint outcomes are administrative acts was not reviewed." ], "researcher_notes": "Unresolved questions: (1) whether Article 5(3) of the Act on Higher Education brings student complaints about staff conduct, ethics proceedings and grade reviews under the General Administrative Procedure Act, which determines S07 and could raise S04, S06 and S08; (2) whether the student ombudsperson is sufficiently separate from the academic unit where the institution is a faculty; (3) whether the Whistleblower Act can cover students in any capacity; (4) how general anti-discrimination law should count towards S01 and S08 across countries — a methodology question for v0.2.", "research_method": "Researched with AI assistance from official sources, with an independent automated cross-check. All findings await verification by a human second reviewer.", "research_dossier": "research/pending/hr-national.yml" }, { "iso_code": "CY", "slug": "cyprus", "name": "Cyprus", "local_name": "Κύπρος / Kıbrıs", "eu_status": "member_state", "eu_accession_year": 2004, "methodology_version": "0.1", "research_status": "not_researched", "last_reviewed": null, "confidence": null, "national_framework": { "summary": null }, "safeguards": { "S01": { "result": "NR" }, "S02": { "result": "NR" }, "S03": { "result": "NR" }, "S04": { "result": "NR" }, "S05": { "result": "NR" }, "S06": { "result": "NR" }, "S07": { "result": "NR" }, "S08": { "result": "NR" }, "S09": { "result": "NR" }, "S10": { "result": "NR" }, "S11": { "result": "NR" }, "S12": { "result": "NR" } }, "institutions_researched": [], "evidence_gaps": [], "researcher_notes": null }, { "iso_code": "CZ", "slug": "czechia", "name": "Czechia", "local_name": "Česko", "eu_status": "member_state", "eu_accession_year": 2004, "methodology_version": "0.1", "research_status": "not_researched", "last_reviewed": null, "confidence": null, "national_framework": { "summary": null }, "safeguards": { "S01": { "result": "NR" }, "S02": { "result": "NR" }, "S03": { "result": "NR" }, "S04": { "result": "NR" }, "S05": { "result": "NR" }, "S06": { "result": "NR" }, "S07": { "result": "NR" }, "S08": { "result": "NR" }, "S09": { "result": "NR" }, "S10": { "result": "NR" }, "S11": { "result": "NR" }, "S12": { "result": "NR" } }, "institutions_researched": [], "evidence_gaps": [], "researcher_notes": null }, { "iso_code": "DK", "slug": "denmark", "name": "Denmark", "local_name": "Danmark", "eu_status": "member_state", "eu_accession_year": 1973, "methodology_version": "0.1", "research_status": "not_researched", "last_reviewed": null, "confidence": null, "national_framework": { "summary": null }, "safeguards": { "S01": { "result": "NR" }, "S02": { "result": "NR" }, "S03": { "result": "NR" }, "S04": { "result": "NR" }, "S05": { "result": "NR" }, "S06": { "result": "NR" }, "S07": { "result": "NR" }, "S08": { "result": "NR" }, "S09": { "result": "NR" }, "S10": { "result": "NR" }, "S11": { "result": "NR" }, "S12": { "result": "NR" } }, "institutions_researched": [], "evidence_gaps": [], "researcher_notes": null }, { "iso_code": "EE", "slug": "estonia", "name": "Estonia", "local_name": "Eesti", "eu_status": "member_state", "eu_accession_year": 2004, "methodology_version": "0.1", "research_status": "not_researched", "last_reviewed": null, "confidence": null, "national_framework": { "summary": null }, "safeguards": { "S01": { "result": "NR" }, "S02": { "result": "NR" }, "S03": { "result": "NR" }, "S04": { "result": "NR" }, "S05": { "result": "NR" }, "S06": { "result": "NR" }, "S07": { "result": "NR" }, "S08": { "result": "NR" }, "S09": { "result": "NR" }, "S10": { "result": "NR" }, "S11": { "result": "NR" }, "S12": { "result": "NR" } }, "institutions_researched": [], "evidence_gaps": [], "researcher_notes": null }, { "iso_code": 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