Editorial reference · Draft translations

Student protection terminology

Fifteen concepts, with English definitions and equivalents for every existing language edition.

Use terms in their local context

All non-English equivalents are machine-assisted drafts for native-language and subject-specialist review. They are editorial terms, not certified translations or statements of equivalent legal rights. Use the original source term when citing a national procedure.

A complaint, an appeal, a misconduct report and whistleblowing can follow different procedures. These terms do not establish anyone’s legal rights or replace the original rules.

Read the student checklist · Read the research methodology · Suggest a terminology correction

Definitions and language equivalents

Albanian — Shqip (SQ) · Draft

Hapësira Evropiane e Arsimit të Lartë (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Procesi i Bolonjës (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Mbrojtja e studentëve (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Ankesë (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Ankim (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Raportim (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Hakmarrje (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Konflikt interesi (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Shqyrtim i pavarur (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Garanci procedurale (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Mjete për korrigjimin e dëmit (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Gjetje paraprake (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Verifikim (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Këshillim juridik (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Rregullat e institucionit (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Armenian — Հայերեն (HY) · Draft

Եվրոպական բարձրագույն կրթության տարածք (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Բոլոնիայի գործընթաց (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Ուսանողների պաշտպանություն (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Բողոք (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Բողոքարկում (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Հաղորդում (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Պատասխան քայլեր (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Շահերի բախում (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Անկախ վերանայում (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Ընթացակարգային երաշխիքներ (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Իրավունքի վերականգնման միջոցներ (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Նախնական եզրահանգումներ (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Ստուգում (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Իրավաբանական խորհրդատվություն (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Հաստատության կանոններ (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Azerbaijani — Azərbaycanca (AZ) · Draft

Avropa Ali Təhsil Məkanı (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Bolonya Prosesi (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Tələbələrin müdafiəsi (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Şikayət (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Apellyasiya (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Məlumat vermə (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Qisas tədbirləri (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Maraqlar toqquşması (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Müstəqil baxış (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Prosessual təminatlar (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Hüququn bərpası vasitələri (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
İlkin nəticələr (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Yoxlama (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Hüquqi məsləhət (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Müəssisə qaydaları (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Belarusian — Беларуская (BE) · Draft

Еўрапейская прастора вышэйшай адукацыі (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Балонскі працэс (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Абарона студэнтаў (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Скарга (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Абскарджанне (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Паведамленне (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Помста (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Канфлікт інтарэсаў (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Незалежны перагляд (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Працэдурныя гарантыі (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Сродкі аднаўлення правоў (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Папярэднія высновы (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Праверка (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Юрыдычная кансультацыя (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Правілы ўстановы (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Bosnian — Bosanski (BS) · Draft

Evropski prostor visokog obrazovanja (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Bolonjski proces (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Zaštita studenata (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Pritužba (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Žalba (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Prijava (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Odmazda (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Sukob interesa (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Nezavisno preispitivanje (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Procesne garancije (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Mjere za otklanjanje štete (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Preliminarni nalazi (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Provjera (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Pravni savjet (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Pravila ustanove (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Bulgarian — Български (BG) · Draft

Европейско пространство за висше образование (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Болонски процес (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Защита на студентите (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Жалба (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Обжалване (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Сигнал (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Ответни действия (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Конфликт на интереси (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Независим преглед (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Процедурни гаранции (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Средства за защита (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Предварителни констатации (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Проверка (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Правен съвет (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Правила на институцията (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Catalan — Català (CA) · Draft

Espai Europeu d’Educació Superior (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Procés de Bolonya (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Protecció de l’estudiantat (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Reclamació (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Recurs (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Comunicació d’una preocupació (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Represàlies (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Conflicte d’interès (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Revisió independent (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Garanties procedimentals (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Mesures de reparació (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Conclusions provisionals (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Verificació (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Assessorament jurídic (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Normes institucionals (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Croatian — Hrvatski (HR) · Draft

Europski prostor visokog obrazovanja (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Bolonjski proces (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Zaštita studenata (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Pritužba (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Žalba (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Prijava (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Odmazda (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Sukob interesa (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Neovisno preispitivanje (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Postupovna jamstva (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Mjere za otklanjanje štete (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Preliminarni nalazi (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Provjera (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Pravni savjet (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Pravila ustanove (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Czech — Čeština (CS) · Draft

Evropský prostor vysokoškolského vzdělávání (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Boloňský proces (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Ochrana studentů (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Stížnost (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Odvolání (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Oznámení (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Odveta (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Střet zájmů (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Nezávislý přezkum (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Procesní záruky (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Nápravná opatření (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Předběžná zjištění (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Ověření (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Právní poradenství (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Pravidla instituce (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Danish — Dansk (DA) · Draft

Det europæiske område for videregående uddannelse (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Bolognaprocessen (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Beskyttelse af studerende (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Klage (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Anke (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Indberetning (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Repressalier (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Interessekonflikt (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Uafhængig prøvelse (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Proceduremæssige garantier (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Afhjælpende foranstaltninger (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Foreløbige resultater (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Verifikation (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Juridisk rådgivning (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Institutionens regler (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Dutch — Nederlands (NL) · Draft

Europese hogeronderwijsruimte (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Bolognaproces (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Studentenbescherming (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Klacht (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Beroep (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Melding (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Vergelding (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Belangenconflict (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Onafhankelijke toetsing (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Procedurele waarborgen (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Herstelmaatregelen (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Voorlopige bevindingen (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Verificatie (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Juridisch advies (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Instellingsregels (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

English — English (EN)

European Higher Education Area: The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Bologna Process: Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Student protection: Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Complaint: A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Appeal: A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Report: Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Retaliation: Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Conflict of interest: A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Independent review: Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Procedural safeguards: Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Remedies: Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Provisional findings: Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Verification: Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Legal advice: Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Institutional rules: Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Estonian — Eesti (ET) · Draft

Euroopa kõrgharidusruum (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Bologna protsess (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Üliõpilaste kaitse (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Kaebus (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Vaie või edasikaebus (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Teavitamine (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Vastumeetmed (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Huvide konflikt (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Sõltumatu läbivaatamine (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Menetluslikud tagatised (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Heastamismeetmed (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Esialgsed tulemused (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Kontrollimine (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Õigusnõustamine (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Kõrgkooli eeskirjad (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Finnish — Suomi (FI) · Draft

Eurooppalainen korkeakoulutusalue (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Bolognan prosessi (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Opiskelijoiden suoja (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Kantelu (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Muutoksenhaku (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Ilmoitus (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Vastatoimet (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Eturistiriita (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Riippumaton uudelleentarkastelu (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Menettelylliset takeet (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Korjaavat toimenpiteet (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Alustavat havainnot (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Tarkistus (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Oikeudellinen neuvonta (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Korkeakoulun säännöt (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

French — Français (FR) · Draft

Espace européen de l’enseignement supérieur (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Processus de Bologne (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Protection des étudiants (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Réclamation (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Recours (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Signalement (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Représailles (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Conflit d’intérêts (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Réexamen indépendant (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Garanties procédurales (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Mesures de réparation (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Constats provisoires (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Vérification (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Conseil juridique (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Règles de l’établissement (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Georgian — ქართული (KA) · Draft

ევროპის უმაღლესი განათლების სივრცე (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
ბოლონიის პროცესი (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
სტუდენტთა დაცვა (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
საჩივარი (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
გასაჩივრება (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
შეტყობინება (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
შურისძიება (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
ინტერესთა კონფლიქტი (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
დამოუკიდებელი განხილვა (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
პროცედურული გარანტიები (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
უფლების აღდგენის საშუალებები (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
წინასწარი მიგნებები (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
გადამოწმება (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
იურიდიული კონსულტაცია (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
დაწესებულების წესები (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

German — Deutsch (DE) · Draft

Europäischer Hochschulraum (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Bologna-Prozess (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Schutz von Studierenden (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Beschwerde (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Rechtsbehelf (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Meldung (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Vergeltungsmaßnahmen (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Interessenkonflikt (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Unabhängige Überprüfung (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Verfahrensgarantien (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Abhilfemaßnahmen (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Vorläufige Befunde (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Überprüfung (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Rechtsberatung (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Hochschulregeln (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Greek — Ελληνικά (EL) · Draft

Ευρωπαϊκός Χώρος Ανώτατης Εκπαίδευσης (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Διαδικασία της Μπολόνια (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Προστασία των φοιτητών (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Παράπονο ή καταγγελία (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Προσφυγή (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Αναφορά (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Αντίποινα (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Σύγκρουση συμφερόντων (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Ανεξάρτητη επανεξέταση (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Διαδικαστικές εγγυήσεις (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Μέτρα αποκατάστασης (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Προσωρινά ευρήματα (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Επαλήθευση (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Νομική συμβουλή (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Κανονισμοί του ιδρύματος (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Hungarian — Magyar (HU) · Draft

Európai Felsőoktatási Térség (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Bolognai folyamat (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Hallgatók védelme (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Panasz (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Fellebbezés (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Bejelentés (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Megtorlás (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Összeférhetetlenség (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Független felülvizsgálat (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Eljárási garanciák (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Jóvátételi intézkedések (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Előzetes megállapítások (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Ellenőrzés (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Jogi tanácsadás (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Intézményi szabályok (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Icelandic — Íslenska (IS) · Draft

Evrópska háskólasvæðið (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Bologna-ferlið (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Vernd nemenda (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Kvörtun (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Kæra (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Tilkynning (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Hefndaraðgerðir (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Hagsmunaárekstur (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Óháð endurskoðun (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Réttaröryggi við málsmeðferð (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Úrræði til úrbóta (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Bráðabirgðaniðurstöður (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Staðfesting (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Lögfræðiráðgjöf (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Reglur stofnunar (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Irish — Gaeilge (GA) · Draft

An Limistéar Eorpach Ardoideachais (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Próiseas Bologna (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Cosaint mac léinn (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Gearán (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Achomharc (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Tuairisciú (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Frithbheart (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Coinbhleacht leasa (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Athbhreithniú neamhspleách (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Coimircí nós imeachta (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Leigheasanna (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Torthaí sealadacha (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Fíorú (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Comhairle dlí (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Rialacha institiúide (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Italian — Italiano (IT) · Draft

Spazio europeo dell’istruzione superiore (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Processo di Bologna (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Tutela degli studenti (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Reclamo (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Ricorso (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Segnalazione (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Ritorsioni (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Conflitto di interessi (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Riesame indipendente (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Garanzie procedurali (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Misure riparatorie (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Risultati provvisori (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Verifica (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Consulenza legale (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Regole dell’istituzione (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Kazakh — Қазақша (KK) · Draft

Еуропалық жоғары білім кеңістігі (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Болон процесі (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Студенттерді қорғау (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Шағым (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Апелляция (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Хабарлау (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Кек қайтару (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Мүдделер қақтығысы (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Тәуелсіз қайта қарау (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Рәсімдік кепілдіктер (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Құқықты қалпына келтіру шаралары (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Алдын ала нәтижелер (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Тексеру (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Заңгерлік кеңес (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Мекеме қағидалары (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Latin — Latine (LA) · Draft

Spatium Europaeum Educationis Superioris (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Processus Bononiensis (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Tutela studentium (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Querela (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Appellatio (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Nuntiatio (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Talio (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Conflictus utilitatum (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Recognitio independens (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Praesidia procedendi (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Remedia (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Inventiones provisoriae (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Comprobatio (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Consilium iuridicum (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Normae instituti (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Latvian — Latviešu (LV) · Draft

Eiropas augstākās izglītības telpa (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Boloņas process (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Studentu aizsardzība (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Sūdzība (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Pārsūdzība (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Ziņošana (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Atriebība (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Interešu konflikts (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Neatkarīga pārskatīšana (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Procesuālās garantijas (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Kaitējuma novēršanas pasākumi (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Provizoriski secinājumi (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Pārbaude (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Juridiska konsultācija (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Iestādes noteikumi (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Lithuanian — Lietuvių (LT) · Draft

Europos aukštojo mokslo erdvė (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Bolonijos procesas (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Studentų apsauga (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Skundas (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Apeliacija (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Pranešimas (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Atsakomieji veiksmai (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Interesų konfliktas (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Nepriklausoma peržiūra (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Procedūrinės garantijos (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Žalos atitaisymo priemonės (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Preliminarios išvados (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Patikra (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Teisinė konsultacija (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Institucijos taisyklės (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Luxembourgish — Lëtzebuergesch (LB) · Draft

Europäeschen Héichschoulraum (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Bologna-Prozess (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Schutz vu Studéierenden (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Plainte (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Recours (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Meldung (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Repressalien (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Interessenkonflikt (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Onofhängeg Iwwerpréiwung (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Prozedural Garantien (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Moossname fir Schued ze behiewen (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Virleefeg Resultater (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Iwwerpréiwung (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Juristesch Berodung (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Reegele vun der Institutioun (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Macedonian — Македонски (MK) · Draft

Европски простор за високо образование (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Болоњски процес (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Заштита на студентите (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Приговор (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Жалба (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Пријава (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Одмазда (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Судир на интереси (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Независно преиспитување (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Процедурални гаранции (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Мерки за отстранување на штетата (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Прелиминарни наоди (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Проверка (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Правен совет (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Правила на установата (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Maltese — Malti (MT) · Draft

Żona Ewropea ta’ Edukazzjoni Għolja (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Proċess ta’ Bolonja (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Protezzjoni tal-istudenti (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Ilment (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Appell (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Rapportar (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Ritaljazzjoni (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Kunflitt ta’ interess (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Rieżami indipendenti (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Salvagwardji proċedurali (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Miżuri ta’ rimedju (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Sejbiet proviżorji (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Verifika (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Parir legali (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Regoli tal-istituzzjoni (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Montenegrin — Crnogorski (CNR) · Draft

Evropski prostor visokog obrazovanja (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Bolonjski proces (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Zaštita studenata (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Pritužba (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Žalba (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Prijava (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Odmazda (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Sukob interesa (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Nezavisno preispitivanje (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Procesne garancije (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Mjere za otklanjanje štete (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Preliminarni nalazi (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Provjera (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Pravni savjet (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Pravila ustanove (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Norwegian Bokmål — Norsk bokmål (NB) · Draft

Det europeiske området for høyere utdanning (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Bologna-prosessen (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Studentvern (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Klage (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Anke (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Varsling (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Gjengjeldelse (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Interessekonflikt (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Uavhengig overprøving (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Prosessuelle garantier (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Avhjelpende tiltak (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Foreløpige funn (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Kontroll (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Juridisk rådgivning (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Institusjonens regler (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Norwegian Nynorsk — Norsk nynorsk (NN) · Draft

Det europeiske området for høgare utdanning (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Bologna-prosessen (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Studentvern (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Klage (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Anke (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Varsling (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Gjengjelding (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Interessekonflikt (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Uavhengig overprøving (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Prosessuelle garantiar (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Avhjelpande tiltak (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Førebelse funn (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Kontroll (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Juridisk rådgjeving (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Reglane til institusjonen (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Polish — Polski (PL) · Draft

Europejski Obszar Szkolnictwa Wyższego (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Proces boloński (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Ochrona studentów (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Skarga (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Odwołanie (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Zgłoszenie (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Działania odwetowe (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Konflikt interesów (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Niezależna kontrola (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Gwarancje proceduralne (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Środki naprawcze (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Wstępne ustalenia (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Weryfikacja (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Porada prawna (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Przepisy uczelni (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Portuguese — Português (PT) · Draft

Espaço Europeu do Ensino Superior (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Processo de Bolonha (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Proteção dos estudantes (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Reclamação (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Recurso (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Comunicação de uma preocupação (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Represálias (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Conflito de interesses (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Revisão independente (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Garantias processuais (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Medidas de reparação (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Conclusões provisórias (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Verificação (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Aconselhamento jurídico (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Regras institucionais (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Romanian — Română (RO) · Draft

Spațiul european al învățământului superior (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Procesul Bologna (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Protecția studenților (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Plângere (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Contestație (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Sesizare (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Represalii (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Conflict de interese (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Reexaminare independentă (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Garanții procedurale (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Măsuri reparatorii (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Constatări provizorii (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Verificare (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Consiliere juridică (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Reguli instituționale (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Romansh — Rumantsch (RM) · Draft

Spazi europeic da furmaziun superiura (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Process da Bologna (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Protecziun dals students (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Reclamaziun (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Recurs (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Annunzia (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Represalias (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Conflict d’interess (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Reexaminaziun independenta (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Garanzias proceduralas (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Mesiras da reparaziun (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Resultats provisorics (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Verificaziun (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Cussegliaziun giuridica (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Reglas da l’instituziun (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Russian — Русский (RU) · Draft

Европейское пространство высшего образования (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Болонский процесс (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Защита студентов (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Жалоба (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Обжалование (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Сообщение (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Ответные меры (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Конфликт интересов (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Независимый пересмотр (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Процедурные гарантии (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Меры восстановления прав (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Предварительные выводы (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Проверка (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Юридическая консультация (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Правила учреждения (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Serbian — Српски (SR) · Draft

Европски простор високог образовања (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Болоњски процес (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Заштита студената (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Притужба (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Жалба (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Пријава (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Одмазда (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Сукоб интереса (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Независно преиспитивање (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Процесне гаранције (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Мере за отклањање штете (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Прелиминарни налази (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Провера (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Правни савет (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Правила установе (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Slovak — Slovenčina (SK) · Draft

Európsky priestor vysokoškolského vzdelávania (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Bolonský proces (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Ochrana študentov (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Sťažnosť (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Odvolanie (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Oznámenie (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Odveta (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Konflikt záujmov (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Nezávislé preskúmanie (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Procesné záruky (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Nápravné opatrenia (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Predbežné zistenia (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Overenie (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Právne poradenstvo (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Pravidlá inštitúcie (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Slovenian — Slovenščina (SL) · Draft

Evropski visokošolski prostor (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Bolonjski proces (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Zaščita študentov (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Pritožba glede ravnanja (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Pritožba zoper odločitev (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Prijava (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Povračilni ukrepi (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Navzkrižje interesov (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Neodvisno preverjanje (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Postopkovna jamstva (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Ukrepi za odpravo škode (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Začasne ugotovitve (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Preverjanje (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Pravno svetovanje (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Pravila ustanove (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Spanish — Español (ES) · Draft

Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Proceso de Bolonia (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Protección del estudiantado (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Reclamación (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Recurso (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Comunicación de una preocupación (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Represalias (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Conflicto de intereses (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Revisión independiente (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Garantías procedimentales (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Medidas de reparación (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Hallazgos provisionales (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Verificación (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Asesoramiento jurídico (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Normas institucionales (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Swedish — Svenska (SV) · Draft

Det europeiska området för högre utbildning (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Bolognaprocessen (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Studentskydd (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Klagomål (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Överklagande (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Rapportering (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Repressalier (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Intressekonflikt (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Oberoende omprövning (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Rättssäkerhetsgarantier i förfarandet (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Åtgärder för upprättelse (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Preliminära resultat (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Verifiering (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Juridisk rådgivning (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Lärosätets regler (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Turkish — Türkçe (TR) · Draft

Avrupa Yükseköğretim Alanı (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Bologna Süreci (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Öğrencilerin korunması (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Şikâyet (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
İtiraz (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Bildirim (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Misilleme (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Çıkar çatışması (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Bağımsız inceleme (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Usule ilişkin güvenceler (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Telafi önlemleri (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Geçici bulgular (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Doğrulama (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Hukuki danışmanlık (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Kurum kuralları (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.

Ukrainian — Українська (UK) · Draft

Європейський простір вищої освіти (European Higher Education Area): The higher-education cooperation area developed through the Bologna Process. It includes EU and non-EU systems; it is not one legal jurisdiction.
Болонський процес (Bologna Process): Intergovernmental cooperation on higher education that underpins the EHEA. Participation does not create identical national student rights.
Захист студентів (Student protection): Rules and procedures intended to protect students from misuse of academic authority and to provide fair processes and remedies. This website does not provide personal protection.
Скарга (Complaint): A request to address conduct, treatment or a procedural problem. Use the local procedure’s own term; a complaint is not automatically an appeal or a criminal allegation.
Оскарження (Appeal): A request to reconsider a decision through an available review route. Grounds, deadlines and decision makers vary by jurisdiction and institution.
Повідомлення (Report): Communicating a concern or information to a designated recipient. This does not necessarily start a complaint, appeal or investigation.
Помста (Retaliation): Adverse treatment linked to raising a concern, complaining or giving evidence. Do not label an individual incident without examination.
Конфлікт інтересів (Conflict of interest): A personal, professional or institutional interest that could compromise impartial judgment. Recusal and withdrawal procedures depend on the applicable rules.
Незалежний перегляд (Independent review): Review by someone sufficiently separate from the original decision or proposal. Research verification requires a second human reviewer who did not propose the finding.
Процедурні гарантії (Procedural safeguards): Rules supporting fair handling, such as impartial decision makers, reasons, deadlines, interim protection and a review route. Existence in writing does not prove effectiveness.
Заходи відновлення прав (Remedies): Measures addressing established harm, potentially including reassessment, deadline changes or a new supervisor under the applicable rules. No individual outcome is promised.
Попередні висновки (Provisional findings): Research results awaiting independent human verification. Publication or a model cross-check does not make a finding verified.
Перевірка (Verification): Checking the cited source, exact locator, reasoning and rubric level. Research verification is distinct from native-language review of a translation.
Юридична консультація (Legal advice): Professional advice applying law to a person’s circumstances. General information on this website does not provide this service.
Правила закладу (Institutional rules): Published rules and procedures of a university or other higher-education institution. Their relationship with national law must be assessed in context.